Executive Overview
Six jurisdictions offer compelling pathways for founders to relocate their ventures and obtain legal residence: Canada (paused, transitioning), the United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Cyprus. Each differs significantly in application complexity, minimum investment, residency obligations, tax environment, local-hiring requirements, and the timeline to citizenship. [1]
This guide covers all dimensions: visa eligibility, step-by-step application processes, tax obligations, local hiring requirements, physical residency obligations, and the complete pathway to permanent residence and citizenship — including what founders with an existing startup need to know about relocating. [2]
⚠️ Important Disclaimer
Immigration policies, investment thresholds, processing times, and tax laws are subject to change. Always consult an accredited immigration lawyer and tax advisor before making decisions. This guide reflects publicly available information as of May 2026.
⚠️ Critical 2026 Program Update
The Canada Start-Up Visa program was
paused to new applications on January 1, 2026.
[3] IRCC stopped accepting new commitment certificates from designated organizations. Applicants with a 2025 commitment certificate must file by
June 30, 2026.
[4] A new
Entrepreneur Pilot is expected in 2026, prioritizing entrepreneurs already in Canada in high-growth sectors.
[5]
Program Overview
The Canada Start-Up Visa was the world's first visa designed specifically for innovative entrepreneurs, offering a direct pathway to permanent residence — not just temporary status — for founders of scalable, job-creating ventures. [6] Up to 5 co-founders of a single startup could apply together. [7]
Language Required
CLB 5 (EN/FR)
Processing Time
~52 months avg.
Min. Investment
None required
Eligibility Requirements
- Qualifying Business: Innovative, scalable, job-creating startup incorporated in Canada. Each applicant must hold at least 10% voting rights, and applicants plus the designated organization must together hold over 50% of voting rights. [7]
- Letter of Support from a Designated Organization: Support from a Canadian government-approved business incubator, angel investor group, or venture capital fund — the central requirement. Typically requires 6–12 months to evaluate the business proposal. [6][8]
- Language Proficiency: Minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) 5 in English or French across all four abilities. [6][7]
- Settlement Funds: Approx. CAD $14,690 for a single person; ~$19,001 for two; ~$23,360 for three (scales up). Immigration experts recommend having $200,000+ for business operational capital. [9]
- Medical and Security Clearances: Mandatory background checks and medical examination. [7]
- No net-worth requirement and no minimum business investment — funding comes from the designated organization. [10]
Application Process
- Pitch and secure a Letter of Support from a designated organization (incubator, VC, or angel investor group). [8]
- Receive a Commitment Certificate valid for the year of issuance. [11]
- Prepare and submit the PR application to IRCC with supporting documents (business plan, settlement funds proof, police certificates, medical exam, biometrics). [11]
- Optionally apply for an open work permit to move to Canada and begin operations while PR is processed. [11]
- Receive final decision on permanent residence.
Residency Requirements (Physical Presence)
Under the SUV, applicants receive Permanent Residence. Once landed as a PR, you must be physically present in Canada for at least 730 days (2 years) out of every 5-year period to maintain PR status. [8] The business must be managed actively and have major operational activities carried out in Canada. [7][12]
Tax Environment
- Federal corporate tax: 15% general rate; 9% for Canadian-Controlled Private Corporations (CCPCs) earning up to CAD $500,000 under the Small Business Deduction (SBD). [13][14]
- Capital gains changes (2024+): Higher inclusion rates apply to capital gains realized after June 25, 2024, affecting founders planning a business exit. [15]
- Digital Services Tax (DST): A 3% DST applies to tech, SaaS, and digital marketing startups earning above thresholds. [16]
- Personal income tax: Progressive; combined federal + provincial rates can reach 50%+ at highest income brackets.
Local Hiring Requirements
No mandatory minimum local-employee requirement during the application phase. However, the startup must demonstrably create jobs for Canadians as part of the innovation and growth mandate — evaluated qualitatively by the designated organization. [6][7]
Path to Citizenship
The SUV is unique in granting Permanent Residence directly. [6][11] Once you have PR, maintain it for at least 1,095 days (3 years) physically present in Canada within the 5 years before applying for citizenship. Canadian citizenship is typically accessible within 3–5 years of landing. [8]
Relocating an Existing Startup
The startup must be incorporated in Canada and have its core operations based in Canada. [12] Founders could transfer or expand an existing business by incorporating a Canadian entity, but the Canadian operations must be substantive — not a shell company. [10][7]
Canada — Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) Entrepreneur Streams
✅ Primary Business Immigration Path in 2026
With the federal Start-Up Visa paused since January 1, 2026,
PNP entrepreneur streams are now the primary pathway for business immigration to Canada. There are
11 active provincial and territorial entrepreneur programs in 2026. The Ontario OES closed in November 2024.
[147][148]
How PNP Entrepreneur Streams Work (Two-Stage Process)
- Stage 1 — Provincial Work Permit: The applicant enters Canada on a provincial entrepreneur work permit and operates the business according to a signed Business Performance Agreement (BPA) with the province. [149]
- Stage 2 — Federal PR Nomination: Once the business meets BPA milestones (investment deployed, jobs created, operations active), the province issues a nomination certificate and the applicant applies to IRCC for permanent residence. Federal processing adds 12–24 months. [149]
Active Provincial Programs — Full Comparison
| Province / Program |
Min. Investment (CAD) |
Min. Net Worth (CAD) |
Min. Language |
Job Creation |
Processing |
Status |
| BC PNP — Base Stream |
$200,000 |
$600,000 |
CLB 4 |
1 full-time job; 33.3% min. ownership [150] |
~18–20 months (performance period) |
✅ Active |
| BC PNP — Regional Pilot |
$100,000 |
$300,000 |
CLB 4 |
1 full-time job; 51% ownership; community referral mandatory [150] |
~18–20 months |
✅ Active |
| Alberta — Entrepreneur Stream |
$300,000 |
$500,000 |
CLB 4 |
2 full-time jobs for Canadians/PRs [147] |
Varies |
✅ Active |
| Alberta — Rural Entrepreneur |
$100,000 |
$300,000 |
CLB 4 |
1 full-time job; Community Support Letter; designated rural community only [150] |
Varies |
✅ Active |
| Alberta — Foreign Graduate Entrepreneur |
Varies (34% urban / 51% regional ownership) |
Varies |
CLB 4 |
Varies by location [151] |
Varies |
✅ Active (foreign grads) |
| Manitoba BIS — Entrepreneur Pathway |
$150K (outside Winnipeg) / $250K (Winnipeg) |
$500,000 |
CLB 5 |
1 full-time job [147] |
Varies |
✅ Active |
| Saskatchewan SINP — Entrepreneur |
$150,000 |
$500,000 |
CLB 4 |
2 full-time jobs; sector priority basis [149] |
Varies (sector-gated) |
✅ Active |
| Nova Scotia — Entrepreneur Stream |
$150K (within HRM) / $100K (outside HRM) |
$600K (HRM) / $400K (outside HRM) |
CLB 5 |
1 full-time job; work permit first, PR after 12 months operation [152] |
EOI-based |
✅ Active |
| New Brunswick BIS |
$150,000 |
$500,000 |
CLB 5 |
1 full-time job; connection to NB required; points grid 65+ required; in-person business visit [147] |
Varies |
✅ Active |
| NWT Business Stream |
$100K (outside Yellowknife) / $300K (Yellowknife) |
$500K (Yellowknife) |
Not published |
Varies by location [147] |
~12 weeks (fastest in Canada) |
✅ Active |
| Quebec — Entrepreneur Program |
$350K–$1.2M+ (depends on business type) |
Up to CAD $2M |
French required |
Varies; sector-specific [152] |
Managed separately by Quebec |
✅ Active (Quebec only) |
| Ontario OES |
$200K (ICT) / higher for other sectors |
$800K (GTA) / $400K (outside GTA) |
CLB 4 |
2 full-time jobs for Canadians/PRs |
N/A |
⛔ CLOSED — November 2024 [147] |
Key Strategic Considerations
- Fastest Processing: The Northwest Territories Business Stream processes complete applications in approximately 12 weeks — the fastest entrepreneur immigration pathway in Canada. BC and Alberta have longer total timelines due to 18–20 month performance periods. [147]
- Lowest Investment Threshold: NWT (outside Yellowknife), Alberta Rural, BC Regional, and Nova Scotia (outside HRM) all have $100,000 minimum investments. [147]
- Most Competitive Stream: BC PNP receives the highest volume; only 7 ITAs were issued in BC's first January 2026 draw, with over 160 profiles in the pool at a 115-point cut-off. [153]
- Quebec: Runs entirely separate business immigration programs with French language requirements, managed independently from IRCC. [152]
- Relocating an Existing Business: Most PNP entrepreneur streams allow founders to purchase and improve an existing business in the province as an alternative to starting from scratch — making them viable for entrepreneurs relocating from abroad. [150]
- Business Plan Is the Application: In PNP streams, the business plan is the primary document — not a supporting attachment. It must include market analysis, financial projections, management structure, job creation plan, and a clear demonstration of economic benefit to the province. [149]
- Family Inclusion in PNP: Spouses and dependent children can accompany the principal applicant from the work permit stage and are included in the eventual PR application under the same family rules as the federal SUV. [102]
- C-11 Work Permit (Alternative): For entrepreneurs who do not yet meet PNP thresholds, the C-11 International Mobility Work Permit (significant benefit to Canada) remains an option to establish the business before qualifying for a provincial stream. It is a work permit only — not a direct PR pathway. [148]
Program Overview
The UK Innovator Founder Visa, launched on April 13, 2023, replaced the previous Innovator Visa and Start-Up Visa as the main route for entrepreneurs seeking to establish and scale a business in the UK. [17] It offers one of the fastest routes to settlement (ILR) among all UK visa categories — just 3 years. [18]
Min. Investment
~£50,000 (waivable)
Maintenance Funds
£1,270 (28-day hold)
English Required
CEFR B2 / IELTS 5.5
Citizenship
~4–5 years total
Eligibility Requirements
- Age: Must be 18 or older. [19]
- Business Idea: Must be new (cannot join an already-trading business), innovative (original idea), viable (realistic growth potential), and scalable (plans to create jobs and expand). [20]
- Endorsement: Must obtain an endorsement letter from a UK Home Office-approved endorsing body (e.g., Envestors, UKEAS, GEP, Techstars). The body assesses Innovation, Viability, and Scalability — all three must be met simultaneously. [21][22]
- Investment Funds: £50,000 minimum investment — but this can be waived if the business already has third-party funding or investor backing. [23][22]
- Maintenance Funds: At least £1,270 held in personal bank account for 28 consecutive days before applying. [24]
- English Language: Minimum CEFR Level B2 (equivalent to IELTS 5.5 in all components). [21]
- Active Role: Must have a day-to-day role executing the business plan as sole founder or instrumental team member. [21]
- Contact Points: Must attend at least two scheduled contact-point meetings with the endorsing body during the visa period. [21]
Application Process
- Develop business plan addressing Innovation, Viability, and Scalability with market analysis. [25]
- Apply for endorsement from an approved endorsing body — the most critical step. [21]
- Submit visa application online or at a UK Visa Application Centre with: endorsement letter, passport, English language certificate, financial evidence, and TB test (if required). [24]
- Pay the application fee: approximately £1,036 plus the Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS) of ~£1,035 per year of stay. [19]
- Receive visa decision — typically within 3–6 months. [19]
Residency Requirements (Physical Presence)
To qualify for ILR after 3 years, you must not have spent more than 180 days absent from the UK in any consecutive 12-month period. [26][27] You must be actively managing the business as your primary purpose; substantial changes to the business concept require fresh endorsement. [23]
ILR (Settlement) After 3 Years — Business Milestones
To qualify for Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) after 3 years, you must meet at least 2 of the following 7 business milestones. [28][29] A fresh endorsement letter (no more than 3 months old) confirming business sustainability is also required. [30]
- 💰 Invested at least £50,000 into the business
- 📈 Business customer count doubled vs. year 1 (above UK average)
- 🔬 Significant R&D activity + applied for IP protection
- 💷 Generated gross revenue of at least £1 million
- 📦 Revenue of £500,000 (with £100,000+ from exports)
- 🏢 Created at least 10 full-time UK jobs
- 👥 Created at least 5 full-time UK jobs at £25,000+ salary
Tax Environment
- Corporate tax: UK main rate is 25% for profits over £250,000; 19% for companies with profits under £50,000. [31]
- 4-Year FIG Tax Holiday: New UK tax residents benefit from a 4-year Foreign Income and Gains (FIG) exemption — foreign income and gains are not subject to UK tax for the first 4 years of UK tax residency. [32] By securing ILR in year 3 while still within the FIG window, founders can protect offshore income before full worldwide taxation applies. [32]
- Personal income tax: Progressive; top rate is 45% on income above £125,140.
- VAT: 20% standard rate; mandatory registration if annual turnover exceeds £90,000.
Local Hiring Requirements
No mandatory minimum UK employees for the initial visa. However, job creation is one of the ILR milestone criteria (5 or 10 jobs). [28] Hiring UK employees is the most straightforward path to ILR settlement milestones. [29]
Path to British Citizenship
- 3 years on Innovator Founder Visa → ILR [18][30]
- 1 additional year holding ILR → eligible to apply for British citizenship [27][17]
- Total: approximately 4–5 years from arrival to British passport [18][19]
- Must pass the Life in the UK Test and maintain English language proficiency [29]
- UK passport grants visa-free access to 190+ countries [33]
Relocating an Existing Startup
The visa requires the business to be new to the UK market — it "cannot join a business that is already trading" in the UK. [20] However, a founder can incorporate a new UK entity that brings an innovative product/service into the UK market, even if a related company already exists abroad. The endorsing body will assess whether the UK venture is genuinely new and innovative in the UK context. [22]
UK Global Talent Visa — Alternative Pathway for Tech Founders & Entrepreneurs
ℹ️ Alternative UK Route for Founders
The
UK Global Talent Visa is a separate and distinct route from the Innovator Founder Visa. It is particularly suited for tech founders with a proven track record who want
maximum flexibility — no endorsed business plan, no minimum investment, no English language test, and no obligation to commit to a single company.
[129]
The Global Talent Visa allows leaders and potential leaders in digital technology (and also academia, research, and arts) to live and work in the UK without employer sponsorship or a job offer. [130] For startup founders, the Digital Technology route is most relevant, covering FinTech, AI/ML, cybersecurity, gaming, cloud/DevOps, digital product development, and tech entrepreneurship. [131]
Why Founders Choose Global Talent Over Innovator Founder
- No requirement to run a single pre-endorsed startup — you can operate multiple ventures simultaneously. [132]
- No minimum investment threshold. [133]
- No mandatory English language test before applying. [133]
- Freedom to consult, freelance, mentor, or work part-time while also building a company. [134]
- ILR available after 3 years (Exceptional Talent / Exceptional Promise category). [135]
- As of 2026, faster processing for AI and cybersecurity roles (3-week turnaround). [136]
Eligibility — Two Categories
| Category | Who It Is For | Key Evidence Required |
|---|
| Exceptional Talent (Leader) |
Established founders, senior executives, and tech leaders with a proven track record in the last 5 years. [131] |
Recognised as a leading talent in digital technology; evidence at least 2 of: (a) innovation as founder/senior exec of a product-led digital tech company; (b) worked in a new digital field or concept; (c) contributions to the field beyond direct work; (d) significant technical, commercial, or entrepreneurial contributions. [137] |
| Exceptional Promise (Future Leader) |
Early-stage founders (≤5 years experience) showing strong potential; ideal for young founders with fast-growing portfolios. [130] |
Recognised as having potential to be a leading talent in the last 5 years; evidence at least 2 of: (a) innovation as founder of a product-led digital tech company; (b) worked in a new digital field; (c) contributed to the field beyond direct work; (d) significant technical/commercial/entrepreneurial contributions. [137] |
⚠️ Critical Business Type Requirement
The business must be
product-led. A marketing agency, outsourced software firm, or professional services consultancy does
NOT qualify. The venture must create or develop an actual technology product.
[132]
Application Process — Step by Step
- Prepare evidence portfolio (up to 10 pieces): Personal Statement explaining your contribution to UK digital technology; mandatory evidence of recognition as a leader or potential leader; optional evidence demonstrating at least two of the eligibility criteria (e.g., funding raised, IP/patents, press coverage, speaking engagements, company traction metrics). [138]
- Obtain 3 recommendation letters from senior stakeholders in product-led digital technology with detailed personal knowledge of the applicant's work over at least 12 months. [138]
- Apply for endorsement from the designated endorsing body for digital technology. As of 2025–2026, this is Barclays Eagle Labs (replaced Tech Nation). [136] Endorsement fee: approximately £524–£561. Processing: typically 2–8 weeks. [139]
- Apply for the visa once endorsed (can be submitted simultaneously). Visa fee: approximately £205. Immigration Health Surcharge (IHS): £1,035/year. [139]
- Visa processing: 3 weeks (outside UK) or 8 weeks (inside UK). Fast-track 3-week processing available for AI and cybersecurity professionals. [136]
- Prize Route Alternative: If you have won an eligible international prize listed by the UK government, you can apply for the visa directly without an endorsement. [140]
ILR and Citizenship Timeline
- ILR after 3 years: Qualifying residence can combine Global Talent, Tier 1 Exceptional Talent, Skilled Worker, or Tier 2 General visas — provided the applicant holds a Global Talent Visa at the point of applying for ILR. [135][141]
- Absence limit for ILR: Must not spend more than 180 days outside the UK in any rolling 12-month period. [142]
- British Citizenship: After ILR, can apply for citizenship after 1 further year. Total approximate path: 4–5 years from arrival. [135]
- Dependants and ILR: Dependants must complete 5 years of residence before they are eligible for ILR — even if the principal qualifies after 3 years. [143]
⚠️ 2025 Immigration White Paper Alert
The UK Government's Immigration White Paper (published 12 May 2025) proposed increasing ILR and citizenship qualifying periods to
10 years for most immigration routes. Implementation details and timelines have not yet been published. Applicants should monitor Home Office updates closely.
[144]
Dependants Under the Global Talent Visa
- Eligible dependants: Spouse/civil partner/unmarried partner (2+ years relationship); children under 18; children over 18 already in the UK as a dependant. [145]
- Dependants can live, work (except as a sportsperson or coach), and study in the UK for the duration of the principal's visa. [146]
- Each dependant pays a £766 application fee plus the IHS surcharge. [146]
Global Talent vs. Innovator Founder — Side-by-Side Comparison
| Feature | Global Talent Visa | Innovator Founder Visa |
|---|
| Job offer required? | No [130] | No |
| English language test? | No [133] | Yes (CEFR B2) |
| Minimum investment | None [133] | ~£50,000 (sometimes waived) |
| Endorsement assesses | Your track record / potential in digital technology [137] | Your specific business plan (Innovation / Viability / Scalability) |
| Multiple ventures allowed? | Yes [132] | No (1 endorsed business) |
| Business type restriction | Product-led digital tech only [132] | Any innovative, scalable business |
| Endorsing body (2025–26) | Barclays Eagle Labs (digital tech) [136] | Home Office-approved Endorsing Bodies |
| ILR timeline | 3 years (Exceptional Talent/Promise) [135] | 3 years + meeting 2 of 7 business milestones |
| Citizenship timeline | ~4–5 years total [135] | ~4–5 years total |
| Freelance / consult alongside? | Yes [134] | Limited (must focus on endorsed business) |
| Best for | Serial founders, tech executives, AI / FinTech / cybersecurity specialists | First-time founders with a single endorsed concept |
Program Overview
The Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP), introduced in 2012, enables non-EEA nationals to establish innovative, high-potential businesses in Ireland and reside there for up to 5 years (with a clear pathway to longer-term residency). [34][35] Ireland's appeal lies in its 12.5% corporate tax rate, EU single market access, and English-speaking workforce. [35]
Initial Permission
2 Years
Min. Funding (1st founder)
€50,000
Application Fee
€350 (non-refundable)
Processing Time
8–16 weeks
Eligibility Requirements
- Nationality: Open to non-EEA nationals only — EU/EEA citizens can establish businesses without a special visa. [34][36]
- Character: No criminal convictions in any jurisdiction; must be a person of good character. [37][36]
- Funding:
- First/sole founder: minimum €50,000 in available funds. [38][39]
- Each additional co-founder: minimum €30,000 each. [38][39]
- Funds can come from personal resources, VC investment, angel investors, bank loans, or Irish state agency grants. [39]
- Must provide a bank certificate confirming availability; if funds are outside Ireland, proof they can be converted to euros. [37]
- Business Plan (HPSU): Must present a High Potential Start-Up business plan that is innovative, internationally scalable, capable of creating at least 10 jobs in Ireland and generating €1 million in revenue within 3–4 years. [34][40]
- Business Type: Must be registered in Ireland and headquartered and controlled there. Retail, catering, and personal service businesses are excluded. [34][40]
- Business Age: Must be less than 6 years from registration. [34]
- Full-time Commitment: Applicant must be the CEO or main decision-maker; cannot take other employment. [34][40]
- Health Insurance: Must hold comprehensive private health insurance and not access public welfare. [40][41]
- Application Fee: Non-refundable €350, paid by bank transfer. [38]
Application Process
- Complete the STEP application form and compile a comprehensive business plan. [34]
- Gather supporting documents: passport, photographs, health insurance, evidence of funding, police/character report for applicant and spouse. [38][37]
- Submit via email to the STEP unit of the Department of Justice. [34]
- Applications reviewed by an independent evaluation committee that meets quarterly. [34][40]
- Processing time: approximately 8–16 weeks. [34][42]
- On approval: transfer funds to an Irish business bank account and submit affidavits. [43]
Residency Requirements (Physical Presence)
STEP requires the founder to reside in Ireland on a full-time basis and manage the business from Ireland. [36] While no specific minimum days per year is officially published, the residence permission is tied to the business being headquartered and managed from Ireland — extended absences would jeopardize renewal. [40]
Tax Environment
- Corporate tax (trading income): 12.5% — one of the lowest rates in the EU. [44][45][46] Applies to active trading income for companies managed and controlled in Ireland.
- IP Income: Profits from patents, computer programs, and qualifying IP: 6.25%. [45]
- Passive income: (rent, investments): 25%. [45]
- Pillar Two (global minimum): For companies with global annual turnover of €750 million+ in 2 of the last 4 years: a 15% rate applies. [47]
- R&D Tax Credits: Ireland offers strong R&D credits — 25% credit on qualifying R&D expenditure. [35]
- Personal income tax can reach 52% at higher incomes (40% income tax + 4% PRSI + 8% USC).
Local Hiring Requirements
No minimum employee target is required for the initial application. However, the business plan must credibly project 10 jobs in Ireland within 3–4 years — a core evaluation criterion. Progress toward this target is assessed at renewal. [34][42]
Path to Irish Citizenship
The STEP programme does not provide a preferential route to citizenship — the standard naturalisation pathway applies. [40]
- 5 years of legal residence in Ireland in the preceding 8 years (1,460 days). [40][48]
- 12 months of continuous residence immediately prior to application, with no more than 6 weeks abroad in that final year. [40]
- Not relying on state support; employed or actively managing a business. [49][48]
- Processing of Irish citizenship applications: approximately 6–12 months. [42]
- An Irish passport = an EU passport — freedom of movement across all 27 EU member states. [48]
Relocating an Existing Startup
Ireland's STEP accepts applicants who wish to register a new Irish entity for an existing innovative concept. The company must be Irish-registered, headquartered, and controlled in Ireland. Founders of foreign startups can incorporate an Irish company and move the center of their business to Ireland, provided the venture meets the HPSU criteria. The company must be under 6 years old from registration. [34]
Program Overview
Singapore's EntrePass is a work visa specifically designed for foreign entrepreneurs who wish to start and operate an innovative, venture-backed business in Singapore. [50][51] Unlike most entrepreneur visas globally, the EntrePass has an escalating local-hiring requirement that increases with each renewal cycle, ensuring founders contribute meaningfully to the local economy over time. [52]
Corp. Tax Rate
17% (4.25% effective)
Company Age Limit
≤ 6 months old
Eligibility Requirements
Core (both must be met):
- Must have started or intend to start a private limited company registered with ACRA in Singapore. [51][53]
- If company already registered, must be no more than 6 months old at application time. [54][53]
- Must hold at least 30% of company shares. [51][53]
Plus at least one of these tracks:
| Track | Requirement |
|---|
| Entrepreneur | Raised at least S$100,000 from a Singapore government-recognised VC/angel/government vehicle; OR is an incubatee at a recognised incubator/accelerator. [51][53] |
| Innovator | Hold registered IP (patents, trademarks) or have a research collaboration with an IHL/RI in Singapore. [51] |
| Investor | Current investments of at least S$1,500,000 in Singapore-based businesses; must demonstrate sector knowledge and active engagement. [51] |
Local Hiring & Business Spending Milestones (Renewal)
This is a critical and distinctive feature. MOM evaluates renewals against escalating benchmarks for local workforce (LWF) and total business spending (TBS). [52][55] "Local employees" are Singapore Citizens or PRs earning the prevailing Local Qualifying Salary and receiving CPF contributions.
| Renewal Year | Min. Annual Business Spending | Min. Local Employees (PME) |
|---|
| 1st Renewal (Year 2) | S$100,000 | 1 PME (S$3,900/month+) |
| 2nd Renewal (Year 3) | S$200,000 | 2 PMEs |
| 3rd Renewal (Year 4) | S$300,000 | 3 PMEs |
| 4th Renewal (Year 5) | S$400,000 | 4 PMEs |
| 5th Renewal (Year 6) | S$700,000 | 5 PMEs (S$4,700/month+) |
| 6th Renewal (Year 7) | S$750,000 | 6 PMEs |
| 7th Renewal (Year 8) | S$800,000 | 7 PMEs |
Source: Singapore MOM EntrePass renewal requirements. [52][55]
Residency Requirements (Physical Presence)
There is no explicitly stated minimum number of days per year an EntrePass holder must be in Singapore. However, as the pass is tied to actively building and operating a business, extended absences would be viewed negatively during renewal review and could lead to non-renewal. Founders are expected to be based primarily in Singapore. [52]
Tax Environment
- Corporate tax: Flat 17% on chargeable income for all companies. [56][57]
- Startup Tax Exemption (SUTE): For the first 3 consecutive years of assessment, new companies receive: 75% exemption on the first S$100,000 and 50% exemption on the next S$100,000 of chargeable income — max S$125,000 exemption per year. Reduces the effective rate to as low as 4.25% in early years. [58][57]
- YA 2025 Corporate Income Tax Rebate: A one-time 50% rebate on corporate tax payable for YA 2025, capped at S$40,000. [57]
- Personal income tax: Progressive from 0% to 24%; first S$20,000 is tax-free. [59][60]
- No capital gains tax, no dividend withholding tax (for most cases).
- Territorial taxation: Only Singapore-source income is taxed. [57]
Path to Permanent Residence & Citizenship
- After approximately 12–24 months of operation with the company performing well, EntrePass holders can apply for Singapore Permanent Residence. [61][62]
- PR application processing: approximately 6 months (though some take longer). [63]
- Singapore PR is not guaranteed — it is discretionary, assessed on economic contribution, salary, industry, qualifications, age, and family ties. [64]
- After at least 2 years as a PR, applicants may apply for Singapore citizenship. [61]
- Note: Male PR children are subject to National Service (2 years military service) at age 18. [64]
- Total typical timeline to citizenship: 4–7 years. [61]
Relocating an Existing Startup
The EntrePass requires a company registered with ACRA that is no more than 6 months old at application time. Founders with an existing overseas startup can register a new Singapore entity, but this new entity must meet the innovation/funding criteria independently. [54][65] After 6 months of registration, founders should apply for an Employment Pass instead of an EntrePass. [54]
Program Overview
Hong Kong offers entrepreneurial residency through its General Employment Policy (GEP), specifically under the "Investment as Entrepreneurs" route. There is no separate dedicated startup visa program — instead, immigration authorities assess applications on a holistic basis: whether the founder's venture will substantially contribute to the Hong Kong economy. [66][67] This makes the route flexible but also highly judgment-dependent.
Min. Investment
No fixed minimum
Eligibility Requirements
No fixed minimum investment or headcount requirements exist — applications are judged on the totality of evidence. [66] Key evidence expected:
- 3-year business plan with market analysis, positioning, sales projections, and a 3-year P&L, cash flow, and balance sheet. [66]
- Investment sum and proof of funds (enough to cover at least 6 months of operations). [68]
- Evidence of local job creation plans. [66][67]
- Company documents: Business Registration, contracts/invoices in pipeline, existing financials. [67]
- Physical business premises: Must have a real address — co-working spaces are accepted, but residential addresses and P.O. boxes are not. [68]
- Local sponsor (individual or company) who acts as the official point of contact with the Immigration Department. [68]
- Proof of applicant's academic and professional background. [66]
Government-Backed Programs (Viewed Favorably)
Applications supported by vetted government programs receive more favorable consideration:
StartmeupHK Venture Programme (InvestHK),
Cyberport Incubation Programme, and Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks programs.
[67]
Who CANNOT Apply
Mainland Chinese residents (unless with permanent residence overseas), and nationals of Afghanistan, Cuba, and North Korea.
[67]
Application Process
- Register a Hong Kong company with the Companies Registry. [69]
- Prepare extensive documentation: business plan, financial forecasts (P&L, cash flow, balance sheet for 2–3 years), corporate documents, proof of funds, personal CV. [67][69]
- Apply to the Immigration Department online or in person. [70]
- Processing time: approximately 4–8 weeks for straightforward cases; up to 6–8 months for complex ones. [66][71]
- On arrival: register for a Hong Kong ID card (HKID) within 30 days. [68]
- Application fee: approximately HK$190–HK$250. [72]
Residency Requirements (Physical Presence)
There is no officially stated minimum number of days per year. However, the Immigration Department expects founders to actively manage their business from Hong Kong. Extended absences need valid business justification. A good rule of thumb: not absent for more than 6 consecutive months without justification, and Hong Kong should be the clear primary base. [73][74]
Tax Environment
- Profits tax (two-tier): 8.25% on the first HK$2 million of assessable profits; 16.5% on profits above HK$2 million. [75][76]
- For unincorporated businesses: 7.5% (first HK$2M) and 15% thereafter. [77]
- Territorial taxation: Hong Kong only taxes income arising in or derived from Hong Kong — offshore income is generally exempt. [78]
- No capital gains tax, no dividend tax, no withholding tax on interest — one of the world's most business-friendly tax regimes. [78]
- YA 2025/26 Tax Waiver: 100% profits tax waiver, subject to a ceiling of HK$3,000 per case. [76]
- Personal income (Salaries Tax): Progressive; effective maximum rate ~15% (capped).
- No GST/VAT in Hong Kong.
Local Hiring Requirements
There is no prescribed minimum headcount of local employees. However, demonstrating plans and evidence of local job creation is one of the core assessment criteria for both the initial application and renewals. [66][79]
Path to Permanent Residence & Citizenship
- Permanent Residence (Right of Abode): After 7 years of ordinary residence in Hong Kong, the entrepreneur becomes eligible to apply for PR. [80][81][72]
- The 7-year rule requires continuous ordinary residence with evidence that Hong Kong was the primary base.
- Citizenship note: Hong Kong does not issue its own passport. Naturalisation as a Chinese national requires renouncing other citizenships — a significant consideration. [80] Most foreign founders pursue PR (Right of Abode) without pursuing Chinese citizenship.
- Visa renewals follow a 2+3+2-year pattern leading to the 7-year threshold. [71][80]
Relocating an Existing Startup
Hong Kong is well-suited for existing startup relocation. Founders can register a Hong Kong company (branch office, wholly-owned subsidiary, or representative office) and apply for the entrepreneur visa based on that new local entity. [82][83] The key requirement is that the Hong Kong entity must have genuine, substantive operations — not merely a mailbox address.
Program Overview
The Cyprus Startup Visa allows non-EU/EEA entrepreneurs to enter, reside, and work in Cyprus to establish or relocate an innovative startup. [84] Following Cabinet approval on December 18, 2024, significant changes took effect on January 1, 2025, making the program materially more flexible. [85][86][87] The scheme is capped at 150 visas and runs until December 2026. [84][88]
✅ Key Changes Effective January 2025
- Permit duration extended from 2 years to 3 years
- Renewal period extended from 1 year to 2 years
- Minimum share ownership reduced from 50% to 25%
- Foreign worker allowance raised from 30% to 50% of workforce
- Extra foreign staff permitted for companies investing €150,000+
Min. Capital (solo)
€50,000
Corp. Tax Rate
15% (from Jan 2026)
Eligibility Requirements
Individual Startup Visa:
- Must be a third-country national (non-EU, non-EEA). [88]
- Must own at least 25% of the startup's shares. [88][89]
- Minimum capital: €50,000 for a solo founder. [90][84]
- The startup must be an Innovative Startup: unlisted, small enterprise, established within the last 5 years, that has not yet distributed profits, was not formed through a merger, and offers new products/services that create or disrupt existing markets. [91][92]
Team Startup Visa (up to 5 people):
- Maximum 5 people — at least one must be a founder; others can be senior executives. [88]
- Together the team must hold at least 25% of company shares. [88]
Application Process
- Submit business plan and application to the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation & Digital Policy via email. [93][91]
- Receive Notification of Initial Approval.
- Apply for entry permit at nearest Cyprus consulate.
- Enter Cyprus and apply for a temporary residence and work permit at the Migration Department. [93][91]
- Processing time: approximately 5 weeks. [90]
Residency Requirements & Renewal Benchmarks
No officially stated minimum days per year. Founders are expected to be based in Cyprus and managing operations there. Renewal requires meeting at least one of these benchmarks: [85][86][87]
- 15% revenue growth within 3 years
- Attract €150,000 in investment
- Create 3 new jobs in Cyprus
- Participate in local innovation support programs
- Launch at least one product or service
Tax Environment (Post-January 2026 Reform)
- Corporate tax: Increased from 12.5% to 15% from January 1, 2026 to align with the global minimum tax. [94][95]
- IP Box regime: Income from qualifying IP assets benefits from a reduced effective rate of approximately 2.5%. [96]
- Dividend income: 100% exempt from corporate income tax. [97]
- Capital gains on securities: 100% exempt. [97]
- R&D Super-deduction: A 20% "super tax deduction" on scientific research and R&D expenses from 2025–2030. [94]
- Investment in innovative SMEs: Deduction of up to 50% of taxable income (max €150,000/year) for investments in qualifying innovative SMEs (effective until December 31, 2026). [97]
- SDC on dividends: Reduced from 17% to 5% for dividends from profits earned from January 2026. [94]
- No wealth tax, no inheritance tax, no gift tax.
- Personal income tax: Progressive; exempt below €19,500/year; max rate ~35%.
Local Hiring Requirements
The Startup Visa allows up to 50% of employees to be foreign nationals (increased from 30% in 2025), meaning at least 50% must be Cypriot/EU nationals. [86][87] The program mandates that all employees have basic digital skills. [85][87] Creating 3 new jobs in Cyprus is one of the renewal benchmarks. [85][86]
Path to EU Citizenship
- Long-term permanent residence: After 5 years of continuous legal residence in Cyprus (EU Long-Term Residence Directive). [98][87]
- Citizenship through naturalisation: After 7 years of legal residence in Cyprus (within the preceding 10 years), with a continuous stay of 12 months immediately before applying (absences up to 90 days within that 12-month period are permitted). [87][98]
- Highly skilled workers: Reduced residence of 3–4 years for citizenship. [87][99]
- Expedited processing: Available within 8 months for a €5,000 government fee. [87]
- A Cyprus passport = an EU passport: freedom of movement, work, and residence across all 27 EU member states. [87]
Relocating an Existing Startup
The Cyprus Startup Visa explicitly supports both new startup establishment AND the relocation of an existing startup to Cyprus. [91] Applications can be for the transfer of an already-existing startup, or the creation of a branch of the existing startup in Cyprus. The startup must still qualify as an "Innovative Startup" — unlisted, under 5 years old since registration, not yet distributed profits, and not formed through a merger. [91][92][100] A relocated startup must be re-registered as a Cyprus company.
Master Comparison Table
| Parameter |
🇨🇦 Canada SUV |
🇨🇦 Canada PNP |
🇬🇧 UK Innovator Founder |
🇬🇧 UK Global Talent |
🇮🇪 Ireland STEP |
🇸🇬 Singapore EntrePass |
🇭🇰 Hong Kong |
🇨🇾 Cyprus |
| Program Status |
⏸ Paused Jan 2026 [10] |
✅ 11 streams active [147] |
✅ Active |
✅ Active |
✅ Active |
✅ Active |
✅ Active |
✅ Active (150 cap) [123] |
| Initial Residency Type |
Direct PR application |
Work Permit → PR (2 stages) [149] |
Temp. Visa (3 yrs) |
Temp. Visa (2–5 yrs) |
Temp. Visa (2 yrs) |
Work Pass (1–2 yrs) |
Temp. Visa (2–3 yrs) |
Temp. Permit (3 yrs) |
| Min. Investment / Funds |
No fixed minimum (settlement funds proof required) [105] |
$100K–$500K CAD (varies by province) [147] |
~£50,000 (sometimes waived) |
None [133] |
€50K (solo founder) |
S$100K from accredited investors |
No fixed minimum |
€50K (solo) / €200K (team) |
| Min. Net Worth |
None |
$300K–$600K CAD [147] |
None |
None |
None |
None |
None (6-month runway evidence) |
None |
| Language Requirement |
CLB 5 (English or French) |
CLB 4–5 (varies by province) [147] |
CEFR B2 (English) |
None [133] |
None |
None |
None |
None (Greek needed for citizenship) |
| Endorsement / Approval Body |
Designated Org. (VC / angel / incubator) |
Provincial authority + BPA [149] |
Home Office-approved Endorsing Body |
Barclays Eagle Labs (Digital Tech) [136] |
Evaluation Committee (quarterly) |
MOM / Enterprise Singapore |
None (holistic by HKID) |
Deputy Ministry of R&I |
| Business Plan Required? |
Yes |
Yes — primary document [149] |
Yes (Innovation / Viability / Scalability) |
No — evidence portfolio instead [137] |
Yes (HPSU potential plan) |
Yes (10-page business plan) |
Yes (3-year plan + P&L) |
Yes (revenue <€1M) |
| Multiple Ventures Allowed? |
Yes (with designated org.) |
Yes — buy or start [150] |
No (1 endorsed concept) |
Yes [132] |
No (1 company) |
No (tied to 1 company) |
Yes |
No (1 company) |
| Corporate Tax Rate |
9–15% (federal) |
9–15% (federal) |
19–25% |
19–25% |
12.5% |
17% (~4.25% effective in startup years) |
8.25–16.5% |
15% |
| Capital Gains Tax |
Yes (inclusion rate) |
Yes |
Yes (CGT applies) |
Yes (CGT applies) |
Yes (33%) |
No |
No |
No (on securities) |
| Physical Presence Rule |
PR: 730 days / 5 yrs [105] |
Must actively manage business during performance period [149] |
Max 180 days absent/yr |
Max 180 days absent/yr [142] |
Full-time basis (principal activity in IE) |
Active business management expected |
Active mgmt.; <6 months abroad |
Active mgmt. expected |
| Mandatory Local Hiring |
Qualitative job creation expected |
1–2 full-time jobs (Canadians/PRs) [147] |
No (ILR milestone: 5 or 10 jobs) |
None |
10 jobs target within 3–4 years |
Yes — escalating milestones at each renewal [114] |
No (contextual) |
50% local staff; 3 jobs for 3-yr renewal [123] |
| Relocating Existing Startup? |
New Canadian entity required |
Yes — buy or start a business in province [150] |
New UK entity required (not trading before endorsement) |
Yes — any product-led tech venture [132] |
New Irish entity (<6 yrs old) |
ACRA co. incorporated <6 months |
Yes — new HK entity |
Yes — explicit government policy [123] |
| Path to PR / Settlement |
Immediate (SUV = direct PR) |
~2–3 years after performance period [149] |
3 years (ILR) |
3 years (Exceptional Talent/Promise) [135] |
5 years |
~2–4 years |
7 years |
5 years |
| Path to Citizenship |
3–5 years from landing |
3–5 years from landing |
~4–5 years total |
~4–5 years total [135] |
~9 years total |
~4–7 years |
7 years |
7 years (EU passport) [124] |
| EU Passport? |
No |
No |
No (post-Brexit) |
No (post-Brexit) |
✅ Yes |
No |
No |
✅ Yes |
| Spouse Work Rights |
Open Work Permit (any employer) [102] |
Open Work Permit [102] |
Yes (except sports) [108] |
Yes (except sports) [146] |
Full work rights (Stamp 1G) [112] |
Letter of Consent (LOC) [116] |
Yes — full work & study rights [119] |
Free labour market access [123] |
| Children Age Limit |
Under 22 (land as PRs) [104] |
Under 22 [104] |
Under 18 [106] |
Under 18 [145] |
Under 18 (or 23 if in education) [110] |
Under 21 (after business milestones) [114] |
Under 18 [118] |
Minor children (married 1+ yr) [122] |
| Waiting Period to Bring Family |
None — from start [102] |
None — work permit stage includes family [102] |
None — simultaneous [106] |
None — simultaneous [145] |
~12 months after principal arrives [113] |
≥12 months + S$100K + 2 local staff [114] |
None — simultaneous [117] |
Employed: immediate; Self-employed: 2 years [121] |
Best For — Decision Matrix
| Priority | Best Option(s) | Why |
|---|
| ⚡ Fastest PR / Citizenship | 🇨🇦 Canada SUV (direct PR); 🇬🇧 UK Global Talent (3-yr ILR) | SUV grants PR on landing; UK Global Talent reaches ILR in 3 years and citizenship in ~4–5 years [135] |
| 💰 Best Tax Environment | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong; 🇸🇬 Singapore | HK: territorial system, no CGT; SG: ~4.25% effective corporate rate in startup years |
| 🇪🇺 EU Passport | 🇮🇪 Ireland (~9 yrs); 🇨🇾 Cyprus (7 yrs) | Both grant EU citizenship; Cyprus is faster but requires Greek language for naturalisation [124] |
| 🚀 Relocating Existing Startup | 🇨🇾 Cyprus (explicit policy); 🇬🇧 UK Global Talent (no new co. needed); 🇨🇦 Canada PNP (buy existing business) [150] | Cyprus explicitly welcomes startup relocation; Global Talent focuses on the founder's track record |
| 👨👩👧 Best Family Package | 🇨🇦 Canada (children land as PRs, spouse Open WP); 🇭🇰 Hong Kong (immediate, full work rights) | Canada is the only program where children become permanent residents immediately alongside the principal [104] |
| 🏗 Multiple Ventures / Flexibility | 🇬🇧 UK Global Talent; 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | Global Talent: no single-company obligation, can freelance/consult [132]; HK: no restrictions on investing in multiple companies |
| 📋 Least Bureaucracy | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong; 🇬🇧 UK Global Talent | HK: no fixed thresholds, no dedicated endorsing body, no language test; Global Talent: no mandatory English test, no business plan required |
| 🏙 Lowest Investment (Canada PNP) | 🇨🇦 NWT Business Stream ($100K); BC Regional / Alberta Rural ($100K) | NWT also offers fastest processing (~12 weeks provincial stage) [147] |
| 🌏 Asia-Pacific Base | 🇸🇬 Singapore (tech); 🇭🇰 Hong Kong (finance / China access) | SG: best for VC-backed tech startups and talent hiring; HK: best for mainland China-linked businesses |
| 🤝 No Local Hiring Mandate | 🇨🇦 Canada SUV; 🇬🇧 UK Global Talent; 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | These programs assess job creation qualitatively rather than imposing hard numerical hiring quotas |
🇨🇦 Canada — Start-Up Visa (Family Rules)
The Canada SUV is highly family-friendly — family members can be included in the permanent residence application from the start. [101]
- Spouse / Common-law Partner: Eligible for an open work permit, meaning they can work for any employer in Canada without a job offer or LMIA. [102]
- Dependent Children: Children under 22 years old (not married or in a common-law relationship) are included in the PR application and land as permanent residents. Children aged 22+ qualify only if financially dependent on parents since before age 22 and unable to support themselves due to a medical/physical condition. [104]
- Settlement Funds: Required amount increases with family size (updated annually by IRCC). Applicants cannot borrow settlement funds. [105]
- Caution: Including the entire family at the work permit stage may raise flags about ties to the home country. Strategically, it is often better to include the family only at the PR stage. [101]
🇬🇧 UK — Innovator Founder Visa (Family Rules)
- Eligible Dependants: Spouse, civil partner, or unmarried partner (of at least 2 years); children under 18; children over 18 already in the UK as a dependant. [106]
- Dependent Maintenance Funds: In addition to the principal applicant's £1,270: £285 for a partner, £315 for the first child, and £200 for each additional child — all held for 28 consecutive days. [107]
- Work & Study Rights: Dependants can work in most professions (except professional sports) and can pursue education. [108]
- ILR for Dependants: Partners need 5 continuous years as a dependant to qualify for ILR, even if the principal qualifies after 3 years. Partners must also pass the Life in the UK Test and meet English language requirements. [109]
- Visa Duration: Dependants' visas end on the same date as the principal applicant's. Each dependant completes a separate application with a full fee. [106]
🇮🇪 Ireland — STEP Visa (Family Rules)
- Eligible Family Members: Spouse/civil partner (legally married), de facto partner (2+ years cohabitation), children under 18 (or under 23 in full-time education). Dependent parents are allowed only in limited circumstances. [110]
- Income Thresholds (gross annual): €30,000 for a spouse; €44,300 for 1 child; €54,200 for 2 children; €92,789 for parents. [111]
- Spouse Work Rights: Spouses of STEP holders receive a Stamp 1G, granting full work rights in Ireland without a separate employment permit (effective May 2024). [112]
- Timing: Family reunification applications can typically be made approximately 12 months after the principal applicant is established in Ireland. [113]
- Restriction (from November 2025): Dependent children aged 18–23 in full-time education can no longer be sponsored under the same financial criteria as under-18 children (unless the sponsor is an EU citizen working in Ireland). [113]
🇸🇬 Singapore — EntrePass (Family Rules)
Singapore's EntrePass family reunification is milestone-gated — dependants can only be brought in after achieving specific business spending and hiring targets. [114]
| Pass Type | Eligible Family Member | Business Milestone Required |
|---|
| Dependant's Pass (DP) |
Legally married spouse; Unmarried children under 21 (incl. adopted) |
≥ S$100,000 annual business spending AND ≥ 2 local employees (min. S$1,400/month) for at least 12 months [114][115] |
| Long-Term Visit Pass (LTVP) |
Common-law spouse; Handicapped children 21+; Step-children under 21; Parents / parents-in-law |
≥ S$100,000 annual business spending AND ≥ 4 local employees for at least 12 months [114][115] |
- Spouse Work Rights: DP holders can apply for a Letter of Consent (LOC) to work in Singapore, generally approved for spouses of EntrePass holders. [116]
- Key Implication: Founders who have just arrived on a new EntrePass cannot immediately bring family — the business must first operate and hire local employees for 12 months before a DP application is possible. [114]
🇭🇰 Hong Kong — Investment as Entrepreneurs (Family Rules)
- Eligible Dependants: Legal spouse; unmarried children under 18; in some cases, parents aged 60 and above. [117][118]
- Requirements: Proof of genuine family relationship; no criminal record; sponsor must financially support dependants and provide accommodation without relying on public funds. [117]
- Stay Period: Dependants' stay is linked to the sponsor's authorised stay and mirrors the sponsor's visa duration. [119]
- Work & Study Rights: Hong Kong dependants are not prohibited from taking up employment or studies in Hong Kong under existing policy. [119]
- Processing Time: Approximately 6 weeks upon receipt of all required documents. [120]
🇨🇾 Cyprus — Startup Visa (Family Rules)
- Eligibility Timing: Employed startup founders can apply for family reunification immediately; self-employed founders must wait 2 years. [121]
- Eligible Family Members: Spouse over the age of 21 (marriage must have taken place at least 1 year before application); unmarried minor dependent children; unmarried minor children of the spouse. [122]
- Spouse Work Rights: Spouses of Startup Visa holders have free access to Cyprus's labour market for remunerated employment. [123]
- Residence Permit Duration: Family members receive a 1-year renewable residence permit; duration cannot exceed the principal permit. [122]
- Citizenship Path for Family: Spouses can apply for naturalisation under the same conditions as the principal applicant, simultaneously or later. Children who were minors at the time of application remain eligible even after turning 18. [124]
- Documents Required: Valid passport; clean criminal record for spouse and children over 16; bank guarantee (€350–850/person); lease or title deed; marriage certificate (married at least 1 year); birth certificates. [125]
Family Inclusion — Quick Reference Summary
| Country |
Spouse Eligible? |
Children Age Limit |
Parents? |
Spouse Work Rights |
Waiting Period |
| 🇨🇦 Canada (SUV) | Yes — Open Work Permit [102] | Under 22 (land as PRs) [104] | Not under SUV | Open Work Permit (any employer) | None — from start |
| 🇬🇧 UK (Innovator Founder) | Yes — Dependant visa [106] | Under 18 [106] | No | Yes (except sports) [108] | None — simultaneous |
| 🇮🇪 Ireland (STEP) | Yes — Stamp 1G [112] | Under 18 (or 23 if in education) [110] | Limited circumstances | Full work rights (Stamp 1G) | ~12 months after arrival |
| 🇸🇬 Singapore (EntrePass) | Yes — Dependant's Pass [114] | Under 21 [114] | LTVP (4 employees needed) | LOC to work [116] | ≥12 months + S$100K + 2 staff |
| 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | Yes — Dependant visa [117] | Under 18 [118] | 60+ (limited) | Yes — full work & study rights | None — simultaneous |
| 🇨🇾 Cyprus | Yes (21+, married 1+ yr) [122] | Minor children [122] | No | Free labour market access [123] | Employed: immediate; Self-employed: 2 years |
📚 Sources & References
All citations in this report trace back to official government sources, authoritative legal firms, or reputable immigration/tax advisory services. Numbers in the report body link to entries below.